The Center
for Hemispheric Defense Studies (CHDS) is a relatively new educational
institution at the National Defense University, a Defense Department
school in Washington, D.C. Its mission is "to develop civilian
specialists in defense and military matters by providing graduate level
programs in defense planning and management, executive leadership, civilian-military
relations and interagency operation."2
The CHDS
originated from discussions held at the first Defense Ministerial of
the Americas meeting in July 1995 in Williamsburg, Virginia. According
to materials distributed at the Center's September 1997 inaugural, "participating
defense leaders from Latin America and the Caribbean asked the United
States for assistance in improving civilians' competence in defense
and military matters."3
The center's
first group of fellows began a three-week course in March 1998. Its
student body is roughly half government civilians, one-quarter nongovernmental
civilians, and one-quarter military personnel. Civilian students must
be college graduates whose work in the executive, legislative, academic,
media or nongovernmental organization communities involves defense-related
duties. An estimated five students per country per year are expected
to attend. The CHDS also plans to offer seminars in Latin America and
the Caribbean.
The CHDS
conducts the following programs:
- Resident
Courses: Three week long seminars focusing on "civilian
leadership; defense organization; administration of budget, personnel
and material... oversight, interagency and executive-legislative relations"
- Senior
Leader Seminars: shorter
courses accommodating senior government executives and legislators
with defense responsibilities
- Research
and Education in Defense and Security Studies (REDES) Seminars:
an annual seminar with the purpose of gathering "specialists
from throughout the hemisphere to exchange information on research
projects, new teaching methodologies, and new approaches to defense
studies and education"
- In
Region Seminars: Short
seminars at sites in Latin America and the Caribbean, which "focus
on themes identified in partnership with local hosting institutions;"
- Outreach,
Research and Distributive Education Program: focus
on "making information on defense studies available through the
Internet ... [to] encourage innovative research and writing on Western
Hemisphere defense themes by Latin Americans"4
The curriculum
of the "Resident Courses" follows the scheme outlined below.5
|
Defense Planning and Resource Management (DPRM) |
Defense
Economics and Budgeting (DEB) |
Washington
Diplomat Defense Seminar |
- planning
and resource management in the security/defense sector
- for civilians from the executive, legislative
and judicial branches, educators, academic researchers, journalists,
NGO and think-tank staff involved in security/defense matters
- defense and security policy formulation and
implementation
|
- Defense
economics and strategic planning
- Personnel
development and management
- Defense
budgeting
- Logistics,
supply, maintenance, and acquisition
|
- security/defense
sector
- US
security and defense policies toward the Western Hemisphere
|
The establishment
of the CHDS coincides with increased interest in the issue of civilian
control of the military and, along with Expanded
IMET courses, is intended to enhance civilian capacity for oversight
and analysis of defense issues.
The 1999
National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) amended section 2165 of Title
10, U.S. Code to allow the use of Latin
American Cooperation funds to support the CHDS. (Title 10 is the
part of U.S. law dealing with the military, while section 2165 applies
to the National Defense University.) Latin American Cooperation funds,
authorized by section 1050 of Title 10, allow the secretary of defense
or the secretary of a military department to "pay the travel, subsistence,
and special compensation of officers and students of Latin American
countries and other expenses that the Secretary considers necessary
for Latin American cooperation."
Core seminar students to date, 2002:15
|
Months |
|
Oct-01 |
Jan-02 |
Apr-02 |
Jul-02 |
| Fellows |
63 |
65 |
52 |
56 |
| Countries |
17 |
19 |
20 |
14 |
| Females |
13 |
13 |
13 |
8 |
| Military Personnel |
13 |
11 |
18 |
14 |
| Govt. Civilians |
32 |
36 |
23 |
30 |
| Non-govt Civilians |
17 |
18 |
11 |
12 |
| Waiting List |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
Core seminar students to date, 2001:12
|
Months |
|
Jan-01 |
Mar-01 |
Jun-01 |
Jul-01 |
| Fellows |
57 |
57 |
36 |
42 |
| Countries |
14 |
14 |
11 |
16 |
| Females |
17 |
17 |
3 |
7 |
| Military Personnel |
13 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
| Civilians |
44 |
45 |
23 |
28 |
| Govt. Civilians |
30 |
35 |
13 |
18 |
| Non-govt Civilians |
14 |
10 |
10 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
Core
seminar students, 2000:10
|
Months |
|
Jan-00 |
Mar-00 |
Jun-00 |
Sep-00 |
| Fellows |
35 |
57 |
50 |
59 |
| Countries |
13 |
12 |
17 |
18 |
| Females |
8 |
6 |
11 |
11 |
| Military Personnel |
9 |
13 |
14 |
14 |
| Civilians |
26 |
44 |
36 |
45 |
| Govt. Civilians |
16 |
32 |
30 |
29 |
| Non-govt Civilians |
10 |
12 |
6 |
16 |
|
|
|
|
|
Core
seminar students, 1999:9
|
Months |
|
Jan-99 |
Apr-99 |
Jun-99 |
Aug-99 |
| Fellows |
34 |
34 |
24 |
40 |
| Countries |
11 |
12 |
12 |
17 |
| Females |
8 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
| Military Personnel |
7 |
8 |
9 |
7 |
| Civilians |
25 |
26 |
3 |
10 |
| Govt. Civilians |
18 |
17 |
12 |
23 |
| Non-govt Civilians |
9 |
9 |
0 |
7 |
|
|
|
|
|
1999
demographics:7
- 286
fellows (includes 17 participants in a one-week seminar for Washington-based
diplomats and attachés);
- All
Central and South American countries, plus 11 Caribbean nations, Mexico,
Canada, and the United States;
- 49 females
(17 percent);
- 69 senior
military members (24 percent); and
- 217
civilians (76 percent):
- 151
government civilians (53 percent)
(Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Legislators,
Legislative Staff, Law Enforcement, Public Security)
- 66
non-government civilians (23 percent)
(Academics, media, "think tank" members, journalists).
Core
seminar students, 1998:6
|
Months |
|
Mar-98 |
May-98 |
Jul-98 |
Aug-98 |
| Fellows |
33 |
33 |
33 |
38 |
| Countries |
10 |
11 |
16 |
13 |
| Females |
4 |
6 |
10 |
5 |
| Military Personnel |
8 |
8 |
9 |
6 |
| Civilians |
25 |
25 |
24 |
32 |
| Govt. Civilians |
17 |
16 |
19 |
20 |
| Non-govt Civilians |
8 |
9 |
5 |
12 |
|
|
|
|
|
Participating
Countries by Course 2002:14
|
|
|
|
|
FY
2002 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Resident
Courses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DPRM |
DPRM |
DPRM |
ECON |
IADC |
REDES |
SLS |
DIP |
Onsites |
Comments
|
Totals
by |
| COUNTRY |
OCT |
JAN |
APR |
JUL |
MAY |
AUG |
AUG |
SEP |
various
dates |
about
onsites |
country |
| Antigua
and Barbuda |
|
|
4 |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
5 |
| Argentina |
5 |
4 |
|
7 |
1 |
29 |
11 |
4 |
|
|
61 |
| Bahamas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Barbados |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Belize |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Bolivia |
2 |
3 |
|
4 |
1 |
8 |
10 |
1 |
|
|
29 |
| Brazil |
9 |
5 |
4 |
8 |
4 |
87 |
9 |
|
|
|
126 |
| Chile |
5 |
8 |
|
7 |
3 |
23 |
10 |
4 |
|
|
60 |
| Colombia |
6 |
6 |
3 |
9 |
6 |
6 |
|
3 |
77 |
35 in NOV, 42
in JUN |
116 |
| Costa Rica |
3 |
3 |
|
1 |
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
9 |
| Dominica |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
| Dominican
Republic |
1 |
2 |
|
|
2 |
2 |
|
|
75 |
18-22 MAR 02 |
82 |
| Ecuador |
5 |
4 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
7 |
3 |
3 |
120 |
20-24 MAY -
White Paper |
151 |
| El Salvador |
1 |
3 |
1 |
|
1 |
3 |
|
2 |
|
|
11 |
| Grenada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
| Guatemala |
3 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
2 |
8 |
|
1 |
43 |
October |
63 |
| Guyana |
|
|
7 |
|
1 |
3 |
|
|
|
|
11 |
| Haiti |
|
2 |
5 |
1 |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
9 |
| Honduras |
1 |
|
2 |
|
1 |
4 |
|
1 |
|
|
9 |
| Jamaica |
|
|
5 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
7 |
| Mexico |
3 |
3 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
|
1 |
|
|
20 |
| Nicaragua |
|
2 |
|
1 |
|
3 |
|
1 |
|
|
7 |
| Panama |
1 |
2 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
1 |
|
|
8 |
| Paraguay |
6 |
6 |
1 |
3 |
|
5 |
11 |
|
|
|
32 |
| Peru |
4 |
5 |
|
2 |
4 |
12 |
3 |
3 |
200 |
Peru
comments - 5 onsites |
233 |
| St. Kitts
and Nevis |
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
with 41 people;
plus one w/71; |
3 |
| St. Lucia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
plus five with
38; plus one |
1 |
| St. Vin.
& Gren. |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
w/50 = 200 |
1 |
| Suriname |
|
|
3 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
5 |
| Trinidad
and Tobago |
|
|
2 |
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
4 |
| United States |
|
1 |
3 |
|
13 |
42 |
4 |
2 |
|
|
65 |
| Uruguay |
5 |
2 |
|
|
1 |
12 |
100 |
2 |
|
|
122 |
| Venezuela |
2 |
2 |
|
3 |
12 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
29 |
| TOTAL |
62 |
65 |
52 |
53 |
61 |
288 |
161 |
31 |
515 |
|
1288 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Legend: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| DPRM
= Defense Planning and Resource Management Course |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ECON
= Defense Economics and Budgeting Course |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| IADC
= Amistad Program with the Inter-American Defense College |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| DIP
= Seminar for Washington-based Diplomats and Attaches |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| REDES
= Research and Education in Defense and Security Studies |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| SLS
= Senior Leader Seminar |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participating
countries, 2001:13
| Participating
countries, 2001:13 |
| Country |
Total |
Government
Civilians |
Non-Government
Civilians |
Military
or Police |
Male |
Female |
| Antigua and
Barbuda |
5 |
1 |
1 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
| Argentina |
16 |
7 |
3 |
6 |
15 |
1 |
| Bahamas |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| Barbados |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
| Bolivia |
15 |
7 |
3 |
5 |
14 |
1 |
| Brazil |
11 |
5 |
5 |
1 |
8 |
3 |
| Canada |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Chile |
10 |
5 |
4 |
1 |
9 |
1 |
| Colombia |
23 |
13 |
3 |
7 |
11 |
12 |
| Costa Rica |
5 |
4 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
2 |
| Dominican
Republic |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| Ecuador |
9 |
8 |
0 |
1 |
6 |
3 |
| El Salvador |
9 |
5 |
0 |
4 |
5 |
4 |
| Guatemala |
8 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
6 |
2 |
| Guyana |
6 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
6 |
0 |
| Haiti |
7 |
4 |
1 |
2 |
5 |
2 |
| Honduras |
6 |
1 |
1 |
4 |
5 |
1 |
| Jamaica |
5 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
4 |
1 |
| Mexico |
10 |
6 |
3 |
1 |
10 |
0 |
| Nicaragua |
4 |
0 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
0 |
| Panama |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
0 |
| Paraguay |
8 |
3 |
3 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
| Peru |
9 |
4 |
2 |
3 |
7 |
2 |
| Suriname |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
3 |
0 |
| United States |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
| Uruguay |
7 |
3 |
3 |
1 |
7 |
0 |
| Venezuela |
5 |
5 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
4 |
| Total |
191 |
88 |
44 |
59 |
147 |
44 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Participating
countries, 2000:11
| Participating
countries, 2000:11 |
| Country |
Total |
Government
Civilians |
Non-Government
Civilians |
Military
or Police |
| Antigua and
Barbuda |
4 |
3 |
0 |
1 |
| Argentina |
9 |
1 |
2 |
6 |
| Bahamas |
1 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
| Barbados |
5 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
| Belize |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Bolivia |
7 |
4 |
2 |
1 |
| Brazil |
9 |
3 |
2 |
4 |
| Canada |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Chile |
5 |
2 |
1 |
2 |
| Colombia |
16 |
7 |
1 |
8 |
| Costa Rica |
2 |
1 |
1 |
0 |
| Dominica |
2 |
2 |
0 |
0 |
| Dominican
Republic |
3 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
| Ecuador |
7 |
2 |
1 |
4 |
| El Salvador |
10 |
7 |
3 |
0 |
| Grenada |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
| Guatemala |
4 |
4 |
0 |
0 |
| Guyana |
7 |
3 |
2 |
2 |
| Haiti |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Honduras |
4 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
| Jamaica |
4 |
2 |
1 |
1 |
| Mexico |
4 |
1 |
1 |
2 |
| Nicaragua |
3 |
3 |
0 |
0 |
| Panama |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| Paraguay |
3 |
1 |
0 |
2 |
| Peru |
5 |
1 |
2 |
2 |
| St. Kitts
and Nevis |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
| St. Lucia |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| St. Vincent
and the Grenadines |
1 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
| Suriname |
4 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
| Trinidad
and Tobago |
3 |
2 |
0 |
1 |
| United States |
3 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
| Uruguay |
6 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
| Venezuela |
3 |
2 |
1 |
0 |
| Total |
142 |
68 |
26 |
48 |
|
|
|
|
|
Participating
countries, 1999:9
| Participating
countries, 1999:9 |
| Country |
Total |
Government
Civilians |
Non-Government
Civilians |
Military
or Police |
Male |
Female |
| Antigua and
Barbuda |
2 |
1 |
0 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
| Argentina |
9 |
5 |
1 |
3 |
8 |
1 |
| Bahamas |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Barbados |
4 |
1 |
0 |
3 |
4 |
0 |
| Belize |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Bolivia |
6 |
4 |
0 |
2 |
5 |
1 |
| Brazil< | | 
